Organizational Learning Journal

Organizational Learning Journal Introduction The journal explores the role of trust, as well as, knowledge tacitness in mediating mechanisms involved in partner characteristics and the related alliance outcomes. It presents study results on the role of trust and knowledge tacitness in achieving learning and innovation between cooperating partners. The sample study had involved 120 International Strategic Alliances across 1851 companies. It also analyses background information on the already available literature.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Organizational Learning Journal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Journal Analysis Nielsen Bo and Nielsen Sabina (2009, 1050) established that learning and innovation can be achieved be simultaneously, although they result from different mix of relational quality, partner characteristics as well as knowledge characteristics. They demonstrate that inter-firm learning may create innovative outcomes. H owever, this purely depends on the relation characteristics of the alliance and the quality of the relationship. These characteristics are classified as knowledge protectiveness and collaborative know-how. Knowledge protectiveness inhibits both learning and innovative outcomes of international strategic alliances since it creates mistrust, which in turn negatively impacts on open collaboration. Collaborative know-how, on the other hand, enhances transfer and internalization of knowledge, as well as the ability to utilize effectively the acquired knowledge. It enhances innovation since it helps eliminate mistrust and perceptions of opportunism between cooperating partners. Knowledge tacitness can hinder knowledge transfer as well as learning between cooperating firms, but at the same time, can create opportunities for innovation. According to Collinson (1999, 342) knowledge management practices may not be easily transferred between cooperating organizations due to differing organizat ional values, culture, and structure as well as knowledge resources. For example, Gray and Yan (1994, 1486) established that Chinese firms always experienced significant problems in acquiring complex manufacturing skills from US Companies. More specific example is the differences in quality of Nokia and Huawei phones which are cooperating partners. Trust, on the other hand, increases knowledge transfer between the cooperating firms, and strengthens the potential advantages tacitness which is significant for innovation. Trust reduces uncertainty, facilitates social interaction and increases transparency. This increases sharing of valuable information as well as knowledge. The study established positive interaction between trust and learning as well as trust and innovation. Most important, it established a positive correlation trust and knowledge tacitness versus learning, and the same for trust and knowledge tacitness versus innovation (Nielsen Bo Nielsen Sabina 2009, 1049).Advertis ing Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implications of the results of the study Innovation is highly related to knowledge sharing where each partner has access to its partner’s information reserve so as to exploit complementarities. Innovation, therefore, requires means of coordination which can reduce costs of extensive inter-firm learning. High costs of codifying tacit knowledge can undermine the benefits of mutual learning. Close collaboration can enable partners to utilize their know-how in developing innovating outcomes without having to transfer the tacit knowledge. According to Serat (2009, 3) it is important to understand the requirements of joint task initiatives in order to develop a working interface with the partner. This should be enhanced by leadership commitment sharing, monitoring and evaluating the progress of joint innovation initiatives (Doz Hamel 1998, 23). The study reveals that it is possible to achieve innovative outcomes without codifying the partner’s knowledge (Nielsen Bo and Nielsen Sabina 2009, 1052). For an organization to benefit from tacit knowledge, it has to adopt ways codifying the knowledge so as to transfer it for its application. It must also develop ways of retaining the information in its tacit form for purposes of innovative application. It should maintain a distinctive base for the tacit information and be able to codify the knowledge in a way that does not reduce its value. Reference List Collinson, S., 1999. Knowledge management capabilities for steel markers: a British–Japanese corporate alliance for organizational learning. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Vol. 11, pp. 337–358. Doz, Y., Hamel, G., 1998, Alliance advantage: The art of creating value through partnering. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Gray, B., Yan, A., 1994. Bargaining power, manag ement control, and performance in United States–China joint ventures: a comparative case study. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, pp.1478–1517.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Organizational Learning Journal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nielsen, B., B., Nielsen, S., 2009. Learning and innovation in international strategic alliances: An empirical test of the role of trust and tacitness. Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46, No. 6. Serat, O., 2009, Learning in strategic alliances. Manila: Asian Development Bank.

Battle of Westport in the American Civil War

Battle of Westport in the American Civil War Battle of Westport - Conflict Date: The Battle of Westport was fought October 23, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Battle of Westport - Armies Commanders: Union Major General Samuel R. Curtis22,000 men Confederate Major General Sterling Price8,500 men Battle of Westport - Background: In the summer of 1864, Major General Sterling Price, who had been commanding Confederate forces in Arkansas began lobbying his superior, General Edmund Kirby Smith, for permission to attack into Missouri.  A Missouri native, Price hoped to reclaim the state for the Confederacy and damage President Abraham Lincolns re-election bid that fall.  Though he was granted permission for the operation, Smith stripped Price of his infantry.  As a result, the strike into Missouri would be limited to a large-scale cavalry raid.  Advancing north with 12,000 horsemen on August 28, Price crossed into Missouri and engaged Union troops at Pilot Knob a month later.  Pushing towards St. Louis, he soon turned west when he realized that the city was too heavily defended to assault with his limited forces. Responding to Prices raid, Major General William S. Rosecrans, commanding the Department of the Missouri, began concentrating men to deal with the threat.  Having been deterred from his initial objective, Price moved against the state capital at Jefferson City.  A string of skirmishes in the area soon led him to conclude that, like St. Louis, the citys fortifications were too strong.  Continuing west, Price sought to attack Fort Leavenworth.  As the Confederate cavalry moved through Missouri, Rosecrans dispatched a cavalry division under Major General Alfred Pleasonton as well as two infantry divisions led by Major General A.J. Smith in pursuit.  A veteran of the Army of the Potomac, Pleasonton had commanded Union forces at the Battle of Brandy Station the previous year before falling out of favor with Major General George G. Meade.   Battle of Westport - Curtis Responds: To the west, Major General Samuel R. Curtis, overseeing the Department of Kansas, worked to concentrate his forces to meet Prices advancing army.  Forming the Army of the Border, he created a cavalry division led by Major General James G. Blunt and an infantry division consisting of Kansas militia commanded by Major General George W. Deitzler.  Organizing the latter formation proved difficult as Kansas Governor Thomas Carney initially resisted Curtis request to call out the militia.  Further problems emerged regarding the command of Kansas militia cavalry regiments assigned to Blunts division.  There were ultimately resolved and Curtis ordered Blunt east to block Price.  Engaging the Confederates at Lexington on October 19 and Little Blue River two days later, Blunt was forced back both times.   Battle of Westport - Plans: Though victorious in these battles, they slowed Prices advance and allowed Pleasonton to gain ground.  Aware that the combined forces of Curtis and Pleasonton outnumbered his command, Price sought to defeat the Army of the Border before turning to deal with his pursuers.  Having retreated west, Blunt was directed by Curtis to establish a defensive line behind Brush Creek, just south of Westport (part of modern-day Kansas City, MO).  To attack this position, Price would be required to cross the Big Blue River then turn north and cross Brush Creek.  Implementing his plan to defeat Union forces in detail, he ordered Major General John S. Marmadukes division to cross the Big Blue at Byrams Ford on October 22 (Map). This force was to hold the ford against Pleasonton and guard the armys wagon train while the divisions of Major Generals Joseph O. Shelby and James F. Fagan rode north to attack Curtis and Blunt.  At Brush Creek, Blunt deployed the brigades of Colonels James H. Ford and Charles Jennison straddling Wornall Lane and facing south, while that of Colonel Thomas Moonlight extended the Union right south at a right angle.  From this position, Moonlight could support Jennison or attack the Confederate flank. Battle of Westport - Brush Creek: At dawn on October 23, Blunt advanced Jennison and Ford across Brush Creek and over a ridge.  Moving forward they quickly engaged Shelby and Fagans men.  Counterattacking, Shelby succeeded in turning the Union flank and forced Blunt to retreat back across the creek.  Unable to press the attack due to a shortage of ammunition, the Confederates were forced to pause allowing the Union troops to regroup.  Further bolstering Curtis and Blunts line was the arrival of Colonel Charles Blairs brigade as well as the sound of Pleasontons artillery to the south at Byrams Ford.  Reinforced, Union forces charged across the creek against the enemy but were repulsed.   Seeking an alternative approach, Curtis came across a local farmer, George Thoman, who was angry about Confederate forces stealing his horse.  Thoman agreed to aid the Union commander and showed Curtis a gully that ran past Shelbys left flank to a rise in the Confederate rear.  Taking advantage, Curtis directed the 11th Kansas Cavalry and the 9th Wisconsin Battery to move through the gully.  Attacking Shelbys flank, these units, combined by another frontal assault by Blunt, began to steadily push the Confederates south towards the Wornall House. Battle of Westport - Byrams Ford: Reaching Byrams Ford early that morning, Pleasonton pushed three brigades across the river around 8:00 AM.  Taking a position on a hill beyond the ford, Marmadukes men resisted the first Union assaults.  In the fighting, one of Pleasontons brigade commanders fell wounded and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Benteen who would later play a role in the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn.  Around 11:00 AM, Pleasonton succeeded in pushing Marmadukes men from their position.  To the north, Prices men fell back to a new line of defense along a road south of Forest Hill.   As Union forces brought thirty guns to bear on the Confederates, the 44th Arkansas Infantry (Mounted) charged forward in an attempt to seize the battery. This effort was repulsed and as Curtis learned of Pleasontons approach against the enemys rear and flank, he ordered a general advance.  In a precarious position, Shelby deployed a brigade to fight a delaying action while Price and the rest of the army escaped south and across the Big Blue.  Overwhelmed near the Wornall House, Shelbys men soon followed. Battle of Westport - Aftermath: One of the largest battles fought in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, the Battle of Westport saw both sides sustain around 1,500 casualties.  Dubbed the Gettysburg of the West, the engagement proved decisive in that it shattered Prices command as well as saw many Confederate partisans leave Missouri in the armys wake.  Pursued by Blunt and Pleasonton, the remnants of Prices army moved along the Kansas-Missouri border and fought engagements at  Marais des Cygnes, Mine Creek, Marmiton River, and Newtonia.  Continuing to retreat through southwest Missouri, Price then swung west into the Indian Territory before arriving in Confederate lines in Arkansas on December 2.  Reaching safety, his force had been reduced to around 6,000 men, approximately half of its original strength. Selected Sources Battle of WestportCWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Westport

Human Resource Management Seminar Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management Seminar Diary - Essay Example There were times when I felt that I was not heard or understood by my peers; moreover, I have also sensed that some of them wanted to share even more than what they were contributing though they did not know how. Even in the presented folding activity, I found it hard to follow instructions. I am probably better off when people dictate and verbally communicate instructions to me. I am also highly involved in group activities and I believe that putting up relationships with my peers is important which probably makes me sensitive and even upset when things do not work out in our team. These situations have shown me that communication may come off as easy or difficult depending on the ways with which team members exchange information. From my experience, I can probably say that we receive, understand and express everything in different ways. I do believe that companies should consider the styles exhibited by their employees so they can completely understand each other. This means collaboration and synergy regardless of differences in culture, professional experiences or any other factor that can affect communication. The ability to take hold of the complication involved in communication styles is an effectual way for achieving mastery of self and others. It increases productivity and enables this to be attained smoothly. The style of communicating is key to precise meaning of insights, observations, and ambiguity involved in communicating with others (Saphiere, Mikk, & Devries 2005). When I was younger, I was anxious of the prerequisites of qualifying for a job. I did not like the thought of passing my resumes and going through interviews. However, as I got older and started understanding why these were imperative, I had a better appreciation of the requirements of selecting and recruiting employees. Lectures from the seminar made me even more aware of the reasons and outcomes of a company’s selection and recruitment methods. I have come to

Case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study - Coursework Example The failure to do this is the reason why Alisi’i cannot gainsay whatever Ed says, since Ed is her boss. Mei can also not speak up for the same reason (Marynissen, 2011, 194). The task maintenance role that Ed plays is managing the financial, health and safety aspect of the project. Alisi’i will have to keep the accounting records of the project as Mike looks for the most pocket-friendly package for the project. Mary represents the clients while Wirimu oversees the process entirely carried through. Mei may help install the heat pumps. The four problems Wirimu is facing are: the big man syndrome in the meeting (as is epitomized by Ed); inordinate balancing of power among the project members; the presence of hardliners; and lack of proper communication. The major problem is the sharp difference in opinion concerning the installation of the heater, as the way to solving extreme temperature variations. The solution is making sure that the members of the project team are equal in authority and calling for a compromise in the team. It is the best decision that Wirimu has allowed the team to email him. This will help the team carry out a consensus to determine the way forward. GameZ new organisational culture can be described as bet your company culture. This is because GameZ is taking on new approaches such as removing Friday evening shouts, appointing three senior employees in a less competitive manner and being emphatic on the organisation’s profitability without factoring unforeseen consequences. The possible reason for Jane’s behaviour may be the detection of performance gap, at the end of the fiscal year. The link between culture and communication is complementary in nature. Organisational culture is relayed through communication, while proper organisational culture fosters democratic dissemination of information hierarchically and horizontally. To develop proper organisational culture, it is

Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henrys Disengagement Theory Essay Example for Free

Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henrys Disengagement Theory Essay Disengage because of reduced physical health and loss of social activities * Cummings (1975) argued that older people would experience a reduction in social contact as they grow older and becoming increasingly ‘individual’ * ‘disengaging is a natural part of aging’ *   Everyone expects death, and ones abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society. aging  is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between theaging  person and others in the social system he belongs to. Embardos disagreement.. * Said theory was discredited for many reasons * Argues that majority of older people remain socially involved with family and friends . Maybe choose to spend more time with people they are close to rather than seeking new friends * Current data from the office for national statistics supports the view that a majority of older people enjoy social networks * if people only interact with close friends does this mean they are disengaged? * Argued that older people need to disengage but * They need to remain ‘active’ in order to stop disengagement going too far * Argues that society should provide older people with activities * Society should provide them with education of how to make use of the activities * It is very important for older adults to remain mentally active and maintain an interest in life and enjoy the company of others * The theory assumes that a positive relationship between activity and  life satisfaction| M2 – case study 1 Alan is a 76 year old man who has recently lost his wife. He is completely disengaged. He does not try to socialise as he is still grieving from the loss of his wife and can’t seem to pull himself around. Firstly the social disengagement theory will affect Alan’s social development; he is disengaging himself from any social activities or communications as he is grieving. This will have a negative effect on his social and emotional development as he is not talking to people to help him feel better or to get things ‘off his chest’, keeping it all locked away. This will have a negative effect and will make him a lot worse. It may also have a negative effect on his physical or physiological development as he may be susceptible to depression. This may lead to physical harm. The argument against this theory will however have a positive effect on Alan as he will be socialising with other people, helping tae his mind off the loss of his wife. He will also be engaging in social activities keeping his mind active positively effecting his intellectual development, and again taking his mind off his loss. The argument to this theory would also have a positive effect on his physical development as he will be getting around more when joining in activities. Lastly joining these activities will reflect on Alan’s emotional development and maybe help him to cope with his loss more as he is not constantly grieving over it. Bromleys activity theory would have a positive effect on Alan’s, physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. As the theory states, older people should be provided with activities and educated on these topics, this will help Alan’s intellectual development as his mind is still active, as he is gaining knowledge about the activities given and his brain will be engaging in the activities keeping it active also. This will also have a positive effect on Alan’s physical development as he will be taking part in the activities, enabling him to get around and be more fit and active. His social development will be effected greatly also as he will be constantly communicating with a lot of different people. Lastly his emotional development will be effected as he may cope with his loss a bit more successfully, and he may also discover a hobby he has taken a liking to. Case study 2 Geena is 86 years old and struggles to move around a lot. She is very upset that her mobility isn’t as strong as it used to be, and gets emotional at times when she tries to do something independently and cannot. Although she is independent she does not like being alone. As Geena is a very independent woman, the social disengagement theory has a negative effect on her physical development as it states, she is disengaged because her restricted mobility to get around. Not only does this affect her social development, but her physical too as she is straining herself to complete tasks that are difficult for her. This also has a negative effect on her emotional development as it upsets her that she cannot complete daily things she feels she needs to do. This does not affect her intellectual development. The disagreement to this theory would not affect Geena a lot as she is not disengaged. However it would affect her intellectual development positively if she joined a social networking site, as this would build up her knowledge of technology, effecting her social life also as she may get in touch with some old friends. This will not affect her emotional or physical development. Bromleys activity theory may affect Geena’s emotional development negatively as she has restricted mobility and would not be able to join any physical activities without becoming distressed and upset. However, if she joined activities such as bingo this would positively affect her social development as she would get out more an interact with a variety of different people, it would positively affect her emotionally as she will be able to complete activities without having to move or becoming distressed and upset about it. Lastly it will positively affect her intellectually as it will be keeping her mind active while she is concentrating on her activities.

Essay --

The past 20 years, there has been progress in the education of women from Muslim countries in science and technology but there is still a long way to go. In the words of Kofi Annan, as he launched a U.N global initiative earlier five year ago to educate girls, â€Å"Let us prove that a society which empowers its women is a society sure to succeed.† There was many data that I had collected within my research on Muslim women having right’s to an education. My resources consisted of books, such as â€Å"The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach† by Haifaa A. Jawad. I collected data from Hadiths and The Quran. The Quran is the Holy book of Islam that contains the words of Allah (god), and the Hadith is a collection of the traditional sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Also, I collected some data from articles such as â€Å"Viewpoint Dialogue to Bridge the Gap: The Challenges of Women in Islam† by Ambassador Sallama Shaker, â€Å"Muslim Women and Higher Education: Identities, Experiences, and Prospects† by Dr. David The rights to an education are completely different from the rights the women have in Sudan. Many of the young Muslim girls are getting married at such young ages and have to drop out of their school to raise their family. Some of these women go back and try to finish their education they already started. Some don’t even bother to go back to school because they are too busy with their, kids and their husbands, too. In Yemen, they could not afford to teach the boys and the girls in separate rooms, so they teach them in one classroom altogether. On BBC, they were talking about Muslim girls struggling in education. In Jordan, â€Å"enrolment is excellent at 86 percent - however, girls drop out in secondary school because of early ... ... aren’t looked down upon like they were use they are raking charge of the world I believe the next 20 years to come we might see a females being more dominant than males in today’s society if things continue the way they are. In more recent years women from the Muslim countries are taking charge of their lives they were fighting for their right’s to drive cars and educate themselves just like men do they want to be leaders of the world all they need is for those who belittler them to step out of the way in order to have the freedom of doing anything that they want to achieve their goals to make their dreams come true. Now Islam gives everyone the right to do whatever they want in the branch of education, but the cultures we have and the life styles we live by are what is affecting the lack of education in Muslim women but in years to come that shall change as well.

How to E-File My Green Card Renewal?

How To E-file My Green Card Renewal? Green card is the ticket to getting a comfortable job and to reside peacefully in the US. It gives a sense of secure feeling to the individuals as they have the most important legal rights granted to them. The easiest way of getting a green card is by marrying a US citizen, as the citizens have the right to sponsor their immediate relatives. Getting a green card is very important and at the same time, keeping it fully updated and valid is also important. This is where the green card renewal comes to play. Why Green card renewal? USCIS has instructed all the Green card holders to have their cards with them all the time, irrespective of where they travel or what they do. Recent laws have authorized the police to pull up anyone that they feel to be suspicious and check their legal status. In these circumstances, having a green card (fully valid one) will be highly useful. Even though the Green cards are issued for the purpose of granting permanent residency till the entire lifetime of the individual, they come with a10 year validity period only. Green card holders should go in for a green card renewal when the card is about to expire or has already expired. Before E-filing This is one of the recent facilities introduced by the USCIS to facilitate easy submission of the green card renewal applications. Before starting this process, the applicant should ensure that he/she is eligible for filing in I-90 (Application for Green card renewal). Following circumstances will not allow a person to go in for e-filing †¢ Removing the conditions on the card cannot be done †¢ Applying for a fee waiver Residing outside the US , Guam, Puerto Rico or the US Virgin Islands †¢ The card was never received or received with an incorrect data due to an USCIS administrative error †¢ Renewing within 30 days of becoming a 14 year old when the existing card has expired or not expired. Having a Pc with a compatible browser and a secure, fast internet connection is the next item on the list. Once the applicant logs in to the E-filing page of the USCIS website, he/she must follow the instructions that are specific for each and every form that are listed on the page. In order to login and e-file a form, the applicant must first create a valid user account, which is very easy and can be done within a few minutes. USCIS has taken the pains to list out the most common mistakes that applicants do while filing in their applications, which leads to rejection or denial. It is highly important that the applicants go through this before e-filing. E-filing process Once the applicant has completed the application and submitted it, he/she should ensure that it has been successfully done. The following are indications that the application process has been successful †¢ Receiving a receipt number on the web confirmation page †¢ Receiving a Form I-797 (Notice of Action) with the confirmation receipt number through mail, that too within 10 days of e-filing Before closing the e-filing page, applicants should note down the receipt number on the confirmation page. Only then ‘finish’ has to be given which will generate a PDF copy of the green card renewal application. Applicants are also advised to save a soft copy of their completed application and confirmation receipt notice on the computer or USB. It is essential that the applicants’ fingerprints and photographs meet the USCIS stipulations as only then they will be processed further. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Immigrationdirect. com is a company that provide assistance for any immigration issues. Those who want to process their Green card, family based green card, application easy and fast online. For Spanish visit here renovacion de green card

Relational Databases

CHAPTER 4 RELATIONAL DATABASES SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS4. 1 Contrast the logical and the physical view of data and discuss why separate views are necessary in database applications. Describe which perspective is most useful for each of the following employees: a programmer, a manager, and an internal auditor. How will understanding logical data structures assist you when designing and using database systems?4. 2 Databases are possible because of their database management system (DBMS). As shown in Figure 4. 2, the DBMS is a software program that sits between the actual data stored in the system and the application programs that use the data. As shown in Figure 4. 4, this allows users to separate the way they view the data (called the logical view) from the way the data is actually stored (the physical view). The DBMS interprets the users' requests and retrieves, manipulates, or stores the data as needed. The two distinct views separate the applications from the physi cal information, providing increased flexibility in applications, improved data security, and ease of use.In a database system, the manager will rarely need to understand or be familiar with the physical view of the data. Nor, in most instances, will the internal auditor and the programmer as most everything they do involves the logical view of the data. If accountants understand logical data structures and the logical view of the data, they are better able to manage, use, and audit a database and its data. 4. 2 The relational data model represents data as being stored in tables. Spreadsheets are another tool that accountants use to employ a tabular representation of data.What are some similarities and differences in the way these tools use tables? How might an accountant’s familiarity with the tabular representation of spreadsheets facilitate or hinder learning how to use a relational DBMS? A major difference between spreadsheets and databases is that spreadsheets are design ed primarily to handle numeric data, whereas databases can handle both text and numbers. Consequently, the query and sorting capabilities of spreadsheets are much more limited than what can be accomplished with a DBMS that has a good query language.Accountants’ familiarity with spreadsheets might hinder their ability to design and use relational DBMS because many links in spreadsheets are preprogrammed and designed in, whereas a well-designed relational database is designed to facilitate ad-hoc queries. Accountants’ familiarity with spreadsheets sometimes leads them to use a spreadsheet for a task that a database could handle much better. Over the years, the Journal of Accountancy has published a number of very good articles on how to use databases and when to use databases and when to use spreadsheets. These articles can be found on the Journal’s website: http://www. ournalofaccountancy. com/4. 3 Some people believe database technology may eliminate the need fo r double-entry accounting. This creates three possibilities: (1) the double-entry model will be abandoned; (2) the double-entry model will not be used directly, but an external-level schema based on the double-entry model will be defined for accountants’ use; or (3) the double-entry model will be retained in database systems. Which alternative do you think is most likely to occur? Why? There is no correct answer to this question because it is asking the student to express his opinion on what will happen in the future.Therefore, the quality of his answer depends on the justifications provided. Good answers should address the following:Database technology does permit abandonment of double entry, but there will likely be great resistance to such a radical change. Thus, students choosing this option need to present reasons why they think such a radical change would succeed.The use of a schema for accountants seems quite plausible. It does eliminate the redundancy of double entry from the database system, yet it still provides a framework familiar and useful to accountants and financial analysts.There is a good possibility that double entry will remain, even in databases, due to inertia. Indeed, many modern AIS, such as ERP systems, use databases but also retain the principles of double entry.4. 4 Relational DBMS query languages provide easy access to information about the organization’s activities. Does this mean that online, real-time processing should be used for all transactions? Does an organization need real-time financial reports? Why or why not? ;lt;/para;gt;;lt;/question;gt;;lt;/general-problem;gt;;lt;/problemset;gt; On-line real-time processing is not necessary for every business transaction.For example, batch processing is adequate for payroll: there is little need for the data to be current except on payday. Real-time financial statements are useful for planning and provide management with better ability to react to changes in the environm ent. Nevertheless, real-time financial statements may present distorted pictures of reality if accruals have been ignored or not properly recognized.4. 5 Why is it so important to have good data? Bad data costs businesses over $600 billion a year. Some people estimate that over 25% of business data is inaccurate or incomplete. In addition, incorrect database data can lead to bad decisions, embarrassment, and angry users. The text illustrated this with the following examples: For quite some time, a company sent half its catalogs to incorrect addresses. A manager finally investigated the large volume of returns and customer complaints and corrected the customer addresses in the database.He saved the company $12 million a year. Valparaiso, Indiana used the county database to develop its tax rates. After mailing the tax notices, it was discovered that a $121,900 home was valued at $400 million. Due to the $3. 1 million property tax revenue shortfall, the city, the school district, and g overnmental agencies had to make severe budget cuts.   Managing data is not going to get any easier as the quantity of data generated and stored doubles every 18 months.4.6 What is a data dictionary, what does it contain, and how is it used? contains information about the structure of the database. Table 4-1 shows that there is a record in the dictionary describing each data element. The DBMS maintains the data dictionary, whose inputs include new or deleted data elements and changes in data element names, descriptions, or uses.Outputs include reports for programmers, designers, and users. These reports are used for system documentation, database design and implementation, and as part of the audit trail.4. 7   Compare and contrast the file-oriented approach and the database approach. Explain the main advantages of database systems. Information about the attributes of a customer, such as name and address, are stored in fields. Fields contain data about one entity (e. g. , one cus tomer). Multiple fields form a record. A set of related records, such as all customer records, forms a file (e. g. , the customer file).A set of interrelated, centrally coordinated files forms a database. illustrates the differences between file-oriented and database systems. In the database approach, data is an organizational resource that is used by and managed for the entire organization, not just the originating department. A database management system (DBMS) is the interface between the database and the various application programs.The database, the DBMS, and the application programs that access the database through the DBMS are referred to as the Database systems were developed to address the proliferation of master files. This proliferation created problems such as the same data stored in two or more master files. This made it difficult to integrate and update data and to obtain an organization-wide view of data.LimitAccount Balance| 4. 2Most DBMS packages contain data defini tion, data manipulation, and data query languages. For each of the following, indicate which language would be used and why. 1. A database administrator defines the logical structure of the database The DDL – this is the language used to define the database. b. The controller requests a cost accounting report containing a list of all employees being paid for more than 10 hours overtime in a given week. The DQL – this is an example of a query. c. A programmer develops a program to update the fixed-assets records stored in the database.The DML – this is the language used to actually process transaction data and update the database. d. The human resources manager requests a report noting all employees who are retiring within five years. The DQL – another example of a task that involves querying the database. e. The inventory serial number field is extended in the inventory records to allow for recognition of additional inventory items with serial numbers con taining more than 10 digits. The DDL and the DML – the former to alter the structure, the latter to make the change. f. A user develops a program to print out all purchases made during the past two weeks.The DQL – this listing can be produced by a query. g. An additional field is added to the fixed-asset records to record the estimated salvage value of each asset. The DDL and the DML – the former to add the field, the latter to enter data in it. 4. 3Ashton wants to store the following data about S;amp;S’s purchases of inventory: item numberdate of purchase vendor numbervendor address vendor namepurchase price quantity purchasedemployee number employee namepurchase order number descriptionquantity on hand extended amounttotal amount of purchase a. Design a set of relational tables to store this data.Do all of the data items need to be stored in a table? If not, which ones do not need to be stored and why do they not need to be stored? b. Identify the prima ry key for each table. c. Identify the foreign keys needed in the tables to implement referential integrity. Table Name| Primary Key| Foreign Keys| Other Attributes| Inventory| Item Number| | DescriptionQuantity on Hand| Purchases| Purchase order number| Vendor numberPurchasing Agent (employee number)| Date of purchaseTotal amount of purchase| Purchases-Inventory| Item numberPurchase order number| |Quantity purchasedUnit cost (actual)Extended amount| Vendor| Vendor number| | Vendor nameVendor address| Employees | Employee number | | Employee name| Extended amount and Total amount of purchase do not have to be stored in the database as they can be calculated from other values. Extended amount is Quantity purchased x Unit cost. Total amount of purchase is the sum of all the extended amounts for all items on a particular purchase order, d. Implement your tables using any relational database product to which you have access.Test your specification by entering sample data in each table. f. Create a few queries to retrieve or analyze the data you stored. There is no solution to parts d through f as students will select different software packages and come up with different queries. 4. 4Retrieve the S;amp;S In-Chapter Database (in Microsoft Access format) from the text’s Web site (or create the tables in a relational DBMS product).NOTE: In order to get a list of lenders without duplicates the property sheet of the query needs to be modified by setting the value of the Unique Values property to Yes. This can be seen in the screenshot below. The property sheet is found under the Design tab of the ribbon. Setting Unique Values to Yes is the equivalent of entering the DISTINCT keyword in SQL select statements. Query Result f. Which borrower requested the largest mortgage? Query Notice that in the Design section on the ribbon, you must set the Return value to 1 (located in the Query Setup group).This indicates to Access to only return the top result. See the image below for a screenshot of this. Query Result g. Which borrower requested the smallest mortgage? Query Query Result As with problem 4-10-f, you must set the Return value to 1 in the Design section of the ribbon (located in the Query Setup group). This indicates to Access to only return the top result. See the image below for a screenshot of this. SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE CASES 4. 1As in all areas of information technology, DBMSs are constantly

Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Essays

Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Essays Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Paper Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Paper Essay Topic: Literature synonymous parallelism second line repeats the same idea as the first with different vocabulary synonymous parallelism the fear of the lord is the beginning of wisdom and knowledge of the holy one is the beginning of understanding antithetical parallelism second line draws contrast with that is said better this than that antithetical parallelism A food despises his fathers instruction, but he who receives correction is prudent stairlike parallelism second line builds on or adds to the idea stairlike parallelism O god, god of my salvation, I have cried out day and night before you, let my prayer come before you, incline your ear to my cry Psalms types lament, praise, thanksgiving, wisdom Psalms relationships god and the individual, god and nature, god and other gods, god and israel

Basic Prompts and Tips on College Essay Writing

Basic Prompts and Tips on College Essay Writing A set of great essay writing tips that help students write a winning college essay. A college essay is a great chance for students to show their best qualities and to convince the admission committee that they are better than other applicants. In situations, where two applicants appear equal, a compelling essay makes the difference. While reading such essays college admission officers will see that the student can write correctly and use logical arguments. The essay will also provide more information about the students personality. Tips on the Art of the College Essay Writing: There is no such thing as a ‘correct’ answer.  Universities get hundreds of responses and admission officers give students all kinds of essay topics. There is no one or several ‘correct’ answers to the same question; each college essay is individual and unique. Take your time.  Admission officers look through hundreds of essays, and it does become evident how much time the student has spent over the essay. Have fun.  Having fun in the process of the essay writing will be an advantage for you. That will probably make the application process less stressful. If students have fun writing their essays, admission committees will have fun reading them. Write about yourself.  An admission officer doesnt have a favorite type of essay. Some essays are funny, others are serious, and some are deeply personal. But favorite essays are the ones which are thoughtful and truly tell about a students personality. Five College Essay Writing Tips Writing an essay, you should keep some requirements in mind: 1. Avoid writing a general essay. Such generic essays contain too many abstractions and unsupported generalizations. They may be absolutely technically correct: very well-organized, full of complicated sentence structures and have ideal spelling, but reading them brings nothing but regret they are boring. 2. Begin with a snappy opening line. Start your essay in a compelling way. Here is a couple of winning opening lines: I change my name each time I place an order at Starbucks, I have old hands etc. 3. Pick a subject carefully. Dont use controversial and sensitive subjects. Subjects that you are not recommended to touch are politics, abortion, gun control etc. Try not to apologize or complain in your essay. 4. Find your voice. It really doesnt matter what you decide to write about. It is far more important to write from yourself; that way you will show admission officers why you are the best candidate. One more thing: the essay needs to reflect what your current personality, rather than explain who you were a long time ago. 5. Give your essay a two days rest. When youre done with your essay, put it aside for a day or two. You will probably be surprised how many changes you will want to make when you resume working with it. Best College Essay Prompts Narrative Analysis Narrative essays serve numerous purposes, but the most successful ones usually include three basic characteristics: they are well organized in time, contain a certain central point, and use specific details according to that point. Here are five typical narrative essay prompts: your first visit to a large city breakup of a friendship an experience that showed how we should be careful a significant misunderstanding a dangerous experience Description Descriptive essays need to attract significant attention to details. Whatever subject you choose, you should begin with making an observation and deciding which details are most important. Here are examples: an inspiring situation a street that leads to your home an accident scene backstage during a concert Process Analysis When you write an essay using process analysis, you should give your readers understanding whether the process has been carried out successfully or not. Here you are expected to describe the process step by step. Look at these examples: how to lose weight without losing your mind how to find the perfect roommate how to enjoy the weekend for less than $20 how to develop self-confidence how a particular accident occurred So the main thing you should really do is to gain experience in writing essays. With just a little bit of practice, you will be able to use a rich vocabulary, complicated literary constructions and various approaches to the pointed prompt, keeping in mind all the requirements of the structure. That is really an art to create an essay which will show the admission that you are the best candidate to accept. So treat it with a  proper attitude and do your best to create a masterpiece. COLLEGE APPLICATION ESSAY Please place your  order here  and we will jump right at it, with a guarantee that your essay will come up top quality, original and right in time!

Alcohol Anonomyous (St James Club) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alcohol Anonomyous (St James Club) - Essay Example In these regards, confidentiality was observed. When the meeting opened the group leader and members had about four different sayings in the group session. There was a facilitator that guided the group from beginning to end. At the beginning the facilitator opened the floor for anyone to answer questions and to elucidate the general rules. Some of the rules were related to confidentiality and the others centered on how the group should respect each other. The group leader then opened the discussion to the other members and asked if anyone was having problems staying sober. One of the group members named Charles appeared to be the dominant group member but he also helped start the session. Each person had a supporter and Charles was having a problem with his supporter. The group dynamic was slightly off, as there were twenty men and only three women. Still, I believe in terms of numbers the size of the group was optimal for discussion. The group also had a strong diversity of age, wit h individuals there from age 18 to age 72. In all I can say this was a spiritually based meeting that was beneficial to the group members. Sitting in on this meeting I felt accepted and socially at ease; I appreciate the experience and have no difficulty understanding how this could help individuals in their troubles with alcohol.

Case Analysis - Is there a Hybrid Automobile in your Future Essay

Case Analysis - Is there a Hybrid Automobile in your Future - Essay Example As automobiles cannot be done without in modern life, the natural choice would be to design and build vehicles which could run on some miraculous, alternative, non polluting fuel with minimal or zero emission. Such miraculous discovery, if possible, could kill two birds with one stone. Hybrid cars are a venture in this direction. As it is not possible to build an automobile which could run solely on electric, solar or any other source of power immediately, as it would put tremendous strain on research, development and financial resources, the availability of hybrid cars is a welcome transitory stage into the future. After the successful launch of the Prius model by Toyota, many other automobile giants have leapt into the fray of manufacturing hybrid cars for the future. To be successful in the market, a hybrid car has to appeal to the general public in terms of cost of ownership as well as performance. 2. Key Problems To be successful in the market, a hybrid car has to appeal to the general public in terms of cost of ownership as well as performance. 2. Key Problems To be successful in the market, a hybrid car has to appeal to the general public in terms of cost of ownership as well as performance. As evident from previous research, only people with education and annual income in the range of $ 100,000 have bought hybrid vehicles available in the market at present, as they come at a premium. People with lower incomes and low education level have to contend with cheaper gasoline models as it is beyond their pocketbooks to buy hybrid cars, as well as fully comprehend the advantages of owning one. The key problems are therefore increasing the awareness about the benefits of a hybrid model, and putting a cheap hybrid model within their financial access and range. Rising fuel prices will automatically force people to seek cheaper alternatives and it is a good marketing strategy for the future to design a car to fulfill this need. 3. Possible Solutions Solutions to t he problem are already in place as awareness about the greenhouse effect has been boosted by the efforts of governments and international bodies. It is also becoming more difficult day by day to own and maintain traditional gasoline guzzling giant cars. Smaller fuel efficient models are more marketable as well as affordable for the end users. However, government efforts to divert the public to use public transportation as an alternative have proved futile as people feel the need for independent control of their movement (Doll, 2008). Already the sales figures for hybrid models are increasing steadily in the US. In the year 2006, a total of 262,000 hybrid cars, primarily the Toyota Prius and other models from the company were sold nationwide (Doll, 2008). Companies like Honda, GM, Ford and Lexus soon came up with their own hybrid models in the market. Toyota, which overtook General Motors as the world’s largest automobile company however has experienced some hiccups since then . One problem it faced was the recall of some of its models due to faulty design and a patent lawsuit against its hybrid cars by a Florida based company, Paice LLC (Web, 2009). Such obstacles need to be sorted out between competing manufacturers in the greater interest of fuel efficiency and a healthy environment for the present and future generations. Innovations are already underway for developing fuel cells to power electric vehicles which cause the least pollution and are more energy